Justifying the Ways of God in Miltons Paradise Lost Essay

Justifying the Ways of God in Miltons Paradise Lost Through Paradise Lost, Milton ?justifies the ways of God to men?, he explains why man fell and how he is affected by the fall. He shows that although man had a fall it was a fortunate fall, ?felix culpa?. As a result of the fall there are bad outcomes that man and women will endure but it was a fulfillment of God?s purpose. In creating man, God gave him free will; he created him a perfect being but ?free to fall?. In God?s plan man will fall by his own fault. This allows God to show mercy on man and allow man to chose to be obedient and to love God by his own choice and to eventually end up in a better place. If man had not fallen then there would be no coming of Christ†¦show more content†¦(III, 92). God uses the fall of man to better show hie greatness: ?how all his malice served but to bring forth/ Infinite goodness, grace and mercy shown/ On man? (I, 217-19). Although God says that man is responsible for his own fall, he is not as responsible as Satan is for his fall, therefore man will receive redemption and Satan will not: ?The first sort, by their own suggestion fell,/ Self-tempted, self-depraved: man falls deceived/ By the other first: man therefore shall find grace? (III, 129-131). In his eternal purpose God does not allow Satan to completely abolish mankind: ?Man shall not quite be lost, but saved who will/ Yet not of will in him, but grace in me? (III, 173-74). Again, using the fall of man to show his glory and mercy. It is God?s foretelling that man will not be destroyed but will find grace in the form of prayer; through praising God and through Christ man will be redeemed. Although God?s intentions are for man to fall and be redeemed, there are many years in which man will suffer. After the both fell they began to see and feel things in themselves that weren?t there before: ?high passions, anger, hate,/ Mistrust, suspicion, discord? (IX, 1123-1124). They had emotions and feeling that were completely foreign to them. They saw evil for the first time, and they saw it in each other: ?And full peace, now tossed and turbulent? (IX, 1126). At this point, Milton compares Adam and Eve to barbarians instead of the Greek gods asShow MoreRelatedMilton s Paradise Lost By Milton1203 Words   |  5 PagesIn Milton’s â€Å"Paradise Lost†, Milton undertakes a major feat by justifying the way of God to man, through his re-telling of the Bible in an epic poem. His work has been criticized to be â€Å"of the Devil’s party without knowing it†; however, to take such a binary interpretation of his work undermines its complexity. It is b oth true and false that he wrote in â€Å"fetters† for god and â€Å"liberty† for the devil, as well justified the way he wrote however the primary question arises w as he conscious or unconsciousRead MoreJohn Milton Opens Paradise Lost Essay2170 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Milton opens Paradise lost with a brief explanation of his intent, he makes a very ambitious statement of his goal, claiming that his book would be sufficient means by which â€Å"[He might] assert Eternal Providence, / And justify the ways of God to men† (Paradise Lost 1.25-26). So the reader should treat his epic poem as the attempted justification that it is, and ask themselves this: does this argument successfully justify God’s ways? A key—perhaps even the key—part of Milton’s book, and thereforeRead MoreRobert Hunter West s Milton And The Angels1572 Words   |  7 Pagesof John Milton’s propositions on angels. The final chapter of the work, reiterates a nd summarizes all nine previous chapters to reveal their larger purpose and significance within the book itself and within Milton’s entire career. Through the structure, West outlines that he â€Å"tried to give an orderly and proportioned, though elementary, statement of Christian angelology as it helped to shape men’s ideas in seventeenth-century England, and then to show how it shaped some of John Milton’s ideas andRead MoreMiltons Paradise Lost and His Justification of the Ways of God to Man.1418 Words   |  6 Pagesthat of an epic. Paradise Lost is just that. It is Miltons own take on the biblical story of Satans fall from grace as well as mans fall. Milton was not only armed with an extensive knowledge on the Bible, but in everything a man of his time could learn. With his wisdom he emersed himself into his work, making Paradise Lost not only a tale of epic perportions, but one that would Justify the ways of God to Man. (I 26) Even before reading Paradise Lost, I had always wondered why God allowed evilRead MoreThe Justification Of God By John Milton s Paradise Lost1940 Words   |  8 Pages The Justification of God Romans 8:18 says, â€Å"What we suffer now is nothing compared to the glory He will reveal to us later†. In John Milton’s Paradise Lost, the biblical story of Adam and Eve and the loss of Paradise is- at first glance- an ultimate disgrace to humanity and destruction of generations to come. However, in Milton’s rendering of the tale, he establishes how his ultimate goal of the poem is to â€Å"Assert eternal providence, /And justify the ways of God to men† (I. 26). Milton accomplishesRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost 1328 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 2016 Paradise Lost Essay In his epic poem titled Paradise Lost, John Milton describes his work as a process to justify â€Å"the ways of God to men†. In terms of the personal and individual, Milton’s main concern was between a man’s relationship and God. With this, comes the very idea of free will itself. One can define free will as the ability and freedom to choose between different possible courses of action. Not only is free will portrayed in Adam and Eve, but is also associated with God, ChristRead More Paradise Lost and The Blazing World: Knowledge of Knowledge that is Best Left Unknown2261 Words   |  10 PagesParadise Lost and The Blazing World: Knowledge of Knowledge that is Best Left Unknown John Milton set out to write Paradise Lost in order to â€Å"justify the ways of God to men† (1.26). To achieve this grand goal, Milton relies on his reader’s capability to discover a degree of personal revelation within the text. Many scholars have noted Milton’s reliance on personal discovery throughout Paradise Lost; Stanley Eugene Fish points out that discovery operates in Paradise Lost in a way that â€Å"is analogousRead MoreEssay on Is Satan the Epic Hero in Paradise Lost?2123 Words   |  9 Pagesadults across the world are taught that God is a hero above the rest. He is both omnipotent and omnipresent, almost like how Santa Clause is described as to little children. God does no wrong and is incapable of committing a sin; He is a picture perfect being. Satan is God’s archenemy and polar opposite, he’s popularly known for his evil ways and the fiery inferno that he inhabits, described in the book Dante’s Inferno. Rarely do people confuse the idea that God is the hero and Satan is the evildoerRead MoreThe Between 19th And 18th Century Culture1804 Words   |  8 Pagesludicrous and bizarre today. One common belief held in 17th century cultures was the dominance of males in society. Men held all the power and played their patriarchal roles as heads of the family, this belief was assumed to be instituted by nature and God. The bible has influenced writers for centuries and it is used by people to justify life choices, and similarly, to point out flaws. The authority held by the Bible in early Britain allowed it to behave as the moral framework for the entire English

Nonviolence Movement Is It Acceptable For People...

Nonviolence Movement In modern history, there is a movement that has influenced many people throughout many genenerations. It is called the nonviolence movement. The nonviolence movement is a form of Civil Disobedience strategy, where people protest against government policy to fight for their rights. It is a different and more effective way that people fight for justice. Today, more and more people from all over the world are deciding to use nonviolent actions to make their requests known. Why is nonviolence so acceptable for people throughout the world? Smith (1969) professor of Philosophy at Yale University says: â€Å"On one hand, nonviolence as a form of response is adopted because it is dictated by a principle, the principle that†¦show more content†¦To understand it more visually, I found that there is a bronze sculpture also named â€Å"Non-Violence†. It is a gun-shaped sculpture but got knotted. It was built for commemorate a singer’s death and was c reated by a Swedish artist, Carl Fredrik Reuterswà ¤rd. (McCartney). After understand the backgrounds of this sculpture, we have a more specific impression and comprehension towards nonviolence, which is we have the gun to shoot, but we choose not to. After the introduction of nonviolence movement, I’m going to introduce two brilliant people who made the social change towards nonviolence. One of the most impressive activists in the history of the world is Mohandas Gandhi, who made a big contribution to Indian’s freedom. He is one of the famous people that my primary school teacher used to talk about. Mohandas Gandhiwas born on October 2, 1869in a merchant caste family inIndia. He studied law in London andwent to South Africain 1893. He spent 20 years there struggling and fighting against the discrimination(Mahatma Gandhi, 2015).Different from the normal hero image, Gandhi looks so vulnerable. It is kind of hard for people to connect the Indian freedom champion with th is little, shy and old man. But right in this body, he used his knowledge and philosophy to come up with the Satyagraha,which is to reject to cooperation and a negative nonviolent strategy. He introduced Satyagraha to the world and

Renaissance Architecture as the Pinnacle of Genius Or Brunelleschi’s Dome Free Essays

Architecture is the evolution of beauty in the fourth dimension. Art has continuously been about the creation of something beautiful, intrepid, and ingenious. Although there are many great art movements such as Baroque, Pop Art, Gothic, Avant-Guard, none are more striking in architecture as that of the Renaissance era. We will write a custom essay sample on Renaissance Architecture as the Pinnacle of Genius Or Brunelleschi’s Dome or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the Renaissance convalescence to beauty, the color combination and the presence of the classical nude incorporated into a lot of the decor, it is with the Renaissance art era that art history was witness to the best possible architecture. The following essay will seek to prove this point using the geniuses of the Renaissance period and using their works as examples of this thesis. The Renaissance took its cue from the elegant forms of architecture and beauty from the Greeks and Romans. The idea of symmetry and shapes and elegance are staple features in Renaissance architecture. Thus, a viewer can see a lot of Rome represented in the Renaissance architecture such as columns, pediments, arches and domes. It was through Vitruvius’s writings on architecture that inspired many Renaissance artists to embrace the Roman ideal of beauty, harmony, and symmetry (Architecture in Renaissance Italy paragraph one). This is Vitruvius’s idea of symmetry as is presented in Renaissance architecture and conceptualized by Vitruvius in the human body, The measurement pertaining to the body being designated by headlengths is emphasized by Vitruvius in this manner, â€Å"For the human body is so designed by nature that the face, from the chin to the top of the forehead and the lowest roots of the hair, is a tenth part of the whole height; the open hand from the wrist to the tip of the middle finger is just the same†¦The other members, too, have their own symmetrical proportions, and it was by employing them that the famous painters and sculptors of antiquity attained to great and endless renown† (72). Some of the famous architects of the Renaissance era included Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Battista Alberti and Palladio. Each had their own style and power to not only engineer great feats of architectural beauty but to also bring forth their vision of classical Roman design with symmetr y as the focal point. Though Vitruvius speaks of symmetry his nature of the term also gives leeway, â€Å"Therefore, since nature has designed the human body so that its members are duly proportioned to the frame as a whole, it appears that the ancients had good reason for their rule, that in perfect buildings the different members must be in exact symmetrical relations to the whole general scheme† (73). This is especially seen in Brunelleschi’s brilliant masterpiece the dome of the Florence Cathedral or duomo as the Italians call it. The genius of the duomo was that it is a dome built within a dome. Bruniselleschi realized the weight issue of this dome, and thought that another structure to hold most of the weight would allow for the architecture to last longer without future engineering. Along with the genius of building this dome within a dome, Brunelleschi also used less material at the top of the dome where the oculus is located in order for the issue of weight to have less of a detrimental effect on the design, â€Å"As the total weight of the structure was thereby lightened, he could dispense with the massive and costly wooden trusswork required by the older method of construction† (Janson 1997, 419). Among Brunelleschi’s other major accomplishments and contributions to architecture is he renewal of the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian columns in their proper places. Another recognized accomplishment of Brunelleschi is his system of proportions; although his architecture seems simple to the layman, his intricacies lie within his use of appropriate measurement inducing harmony in his overall structure such as the Ospedale degli Innocenti. This modular cube building is pristine in its measurements between columns, and the height and space are especially p roportioned (Architecture in Renaissance Italy paragraph two). There is a definite sense of these elements intermingling in architecture so much so that the physical is being eclipsed by the virtual and when this happens the most important element of architecture which will lead the evolution is light. The Renaissance was an era of individuals. The art movement occurred in the 1400s at which time the world was succumbing to great travesties. The one hundred years war was happening, the bubonic plague had killed at least 50% of the population among such countries as France, Germany and England, but Italy was spared. Due to Italy’s political system, which is a series of city republic states with not king, no true peasant class, and so there is room for social mobility, and capitalism has made the culture a commercial society. Merchants, such as the Medici’s, ran this commercial society and all of these circumstances put together gives way for the Renaissance, â€Å"In 1419, while he was working out the final plans for the Cathedral dome, Brunelleschi received his first opportunity to create buildings entirely of his own design. It came from the head of the Medici family, one of the leading merchants and bankers of Florence, who commissioned him to add a sacristy to the Romanesque church of S. Lorenzo† (Janson 1997, 419). . In order for artists to have observed the world around them, leisure time must have been pursued and because Italy did not so entirely succumb to the great plague, the entire culture was left to flourish. They flourished in everything, mostly art. This era of individuals allowed for self-made millionaires who would commission artists to create whatever they wanted. One of the main contributors to the Renaissance was the Church. The ability of a Renaissance artist to create and invent hinged on the indulgence of the commissioner. Thus, many great religious art works were also the focal point of the artist. , and so, by observing the world around them Renaissance artists created a plethora of religious structures. By seeing the world around them and inventing necessary objects with which to engage in that world or to improve life, Renaissance artists proved that invention was key in discovering the world. Thus, the Renaissance did not only give the world great art, but the artistic genius and fortitude to create great monuments and inventions. By simple observation, artists such as Brunelleschi could give the world new forms of sculpture, architecture, and design implementations involving grand scale construction. Observation is the key to artistic genius, and it is through observation that art and invention collide. The genius of Brunelleschi was able to flourish because of religion. His work on the duomo was not limited to just the architecture, but the engineering as well, â€Å"Instead of having building materials carried up on ramps to the required level, he designed hoisting machines† (Janson 1997, 419). Thus, not only was architecture thriving but also other avenues of art such as engineering. It was financial freedom which lead to the greatness of the duomo, and Brunelleschi’s stamp in art history. How to cite Renaissance Architecture as the Pinnacle of Genius Or Brunelleschi’s Dome, Papers

Piasecki, D J. Inventory Accuracy People, Processes, Technology

Introduction This book looks at the inventory accuracy, inventory theories, and how they get integrated within inventory and warehouse management. The author of this book shows his many years of experience in warehousing and inventory control. The author presents his approach in a playful manner to make readers enjoy reading the book.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Piasecki, D J. Inventory Accuracy: People, Processes, Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The book is easy to read and has excellent tips that guide the readers to understand it very well. Plant managers and people working in inventory control management can benefit a lot from this book. The author discusses all operations and activities that take place in the warehouse, and inventory control businesses. Analysis The book starts by making or helping readers to understand the factors that lead to the occurrence of errors. It ends with er ror-resistant processes, technology use, motivation of employees, and appropriate measures for continuous improvement in the workplace. The book also includes information about employee training, an important concept in operations management. The author covers many topics in operations management, supply chain management, operations research, and industrial engineering in a comprehensive manner. The author provides reasons why many standard solutions do not provide relevant results, and offers remedies to these barriers. He focuses on practical solutions of conflicting priorities that affect inventory accuracy. These practices do not only look good in the book, but also in the real world operations, warehouses, and in inventory control businesses. As earlier mentioned, individuals responsible for the integrity of their organization’s inventory should read this book because it offers the best insights about inventory management. The book also contains valuable clues and tactic s for both the new and seasoned warehouse controllers. It addresses how the current technology can be integrated in warehouses and inventory management. How the book relates to operations management Operations management describes how managers oversee, design, and control production processes. It also looks at how they re-design business operations as they produce goods, and deliver services. Operations management ensures that all processes and operations in business get aligned with the primary goals of organizations, which is to satisfy the needs of their customers. This involves avoiding errors and mistakes, training employees (people), and motivating them to focus on helping organizations achieve their basic goals. Similarly, the author of the book looks at the errors made in warehouses and in inventory control businesses (Piasecki 151). For instance, the book offers readers with detailed sections on accuracy measurements, cycle counting, warehouse management systems, count vari ances, and a combination of count-logic selections to create a count among others.Advertising Looking for book review on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author discusses accuracy measurement, audits, exception reporting, and data analysis as a way to curb errors that occur in warehouses and inventory businesses. The author also looks at employee training and motivation. In training employees, the book offers warehouse or inventory control managers with insights on the phases they should follow and the benefits for training employees. The book also discusses the benefits of motivating employees in the workplace. For instance, it mentions that when managers motivate employees, they raise their morale, and hence this creates a high performance workplace. This leads to improved productivity of warehouses, or inventory control businesses. All these confirm that the book relates to operation management. Ho w the book relates to operations research The author also links his book with operations research. Operations research involves applying diagnostic methods to help managers in wise decision-making. This discipline relates to industrial engineering and operational management. It determines the maximum profit, performance, and production of organizations. It also determines the minimum loss, risk, and costs that organizations incur in the real world operations. Similarly, the book provides inventory and warehouse managers with practical experiences in inventory and warehouse management in real life situations (Piasecki 265). For instance, the information in the book about accuracy measurements, cycle counting, periodic physical inventories, and technology systems can help managers to make wise decisions while running their respective organizations. I would recommend managers particularly those in control of inventory and warehouses to read this book because it provides readers with ti ps and tactics of arriving at wise decisions. The book is long, but not boring at all. The author has used comprehensive terms that contribute to the easy understanding of the concepts of warehousing and inventory control. How the book relates to supply chain management The author has also linked the book with supply chain management. This discipline involves managing the flow of goods from suppliers to buyers through supply channels, or supply chain networks. Managers in this field design, plan, execute, control, and monitor activities in the supply chain. The discipline majors in logistics, information technology, and logistics among other areas. Supply chain management addresses issues in information and inventory management. For instance, it integrates information systems to ensure that relevant groups share valuable information. In his book, Piasecki mentions integration of automotive systems, voice systems, and software technologies among other systems.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Piasecki, D J. Inventory Accuracy: People, Processes, Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He discusses the benefits of integrating information systems in inventory control and warehouses. The book focuses on inventory management more than any other discipline. The same case applies to supply chain management, which addresses issues in inventory management by providing insights on managing the quantity and location of inventory. This connection affirms that the book relates to supply chain management. How the book relates to industrial engineering The book relates to industrial engineering. This discipline deals with optimization of complex systems. Industrial engineering has a close connection with disciplines such as supply chain management, operations research, and operations management discussed above. It helps managers to develop, improve, implement, and evaluate systems in their oper ations. In Chapter 8 of this book, ‘Tools, Equipment, Technology’, the author describes how managers integrate technology systems in inventory management (Piasecki 195). The author discusses topics such as light directed systems, full automation of systems, integration, software technologies, warehouse management systems, and locator systems among others. This affirms that there is a close connection of the author’s information and industrial engineering. Recommendations conclusion This book is well written and is targeted to practitioners or managers working in warehouses. The book is diverse. It covers many disciplines such as operations management, operations research and systems, manufacturing, and industrial engineering among others. Therefore, any manager who happens to read this book becomes proficient in these areas. As mentioned above, the author puts inventory control theories in practice/action making inventory control managers reflect themselves in their respective workplaces. There is a section in the book that looks at what machines and human beings do best (Piasecki 247). This chapter provides readers with an understanding of the need for collaboration between human beings and machines in making work easier, cheaper, and efficient. However, the book needs to be up-dated. Its copyright date is 2003. Considering that a lot has changed since its publication, it should be revised to reflect the current trends in warehouse and inventory management. This will assist individuals currently working in warehouses to eliminate inefficiencies. Works Cited Piasecki, D J. Inventory Accuracy: People, Processes, Technology. Kenosha, Wis: OPS Publishing, 2003. Print.Advertising Looking for book review on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This book review on Piasecki, D J. Inventory Accuracy: People, Processes, Technology was written and submitted by user Russell Medina to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Animal Experimentation

Animal Experimentation Free Online Research Papers Animal experimentation is a big part of medical progress. Opponents of animal testing point out the amount of animals used and the different types of animals used but if you look at it, it’s all for a good reason. Animal experimenters don’t do this just to do it. It’s for a purpose. There are thousands upon thousands of medical situations that couldn’t have been done without animal experimenting. Animal suffering is pointed out but for the most part animals go without feeling any pain. Animal experimentation has helped advance us so much medically that no matter what extent of suffering you find or what type of alternatives you find, it will never fully disappear. Animal experimentation is not a recent event. It‘s been around for thousands of years. â€Å"The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the third and fourth centuries BC, with Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Erasistratus (304-258 BC) among the first to perform experiments on living animals† (Wikipedia, 14 Oct. 2006  ¶4). Erasistratus was a student at Aristotle’s school in Athens. It was there that he got the name â€Å"The Father Of Physiology† due to the work he did on the studies of the circulatory system and the nervous system on animals (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 24). Another person of great influence with the history of animal experimentation is Galen of Pergamum. During his time it was illegal for anyone to dissect a human therefore he had to move to animals for his learning and observations. â€Å"He put pigs, sheep, cattle, dogs, cats, bears, mice, monkeys, and even an elephant all under his knife; in doing so, he ‘put animal research on the map, not only for his contemporaries but also for the next fifteen centuries.’† (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 25). There are numerous types of experiments that were performed after animal testing was first discovered. After Galen, there were many other highly intelligent and important people who followed him in his ways of working on animals for medical purposes. One being William Harvey (1578-1657). His â€Å"discovery that blood circulates through the body, a discovery that has been called ‘the greatest physiological advance of the seventeenth century, and perhaps of all time,’ was based almost exclusively on animal experiments† (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 25). An English clergyman named Stephen Hales â€Å"used only a mare to develop techniques for measuring blood pressure and the capacity of the heart. He did this by inserting a long glass tube into one of the horse’s arteries and, with each heartbeat, measuring the rise and fall of the blood in the tube† (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 25-6). By performing experiments on animals during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, there were many important medical benefits formed. In 1798 William Jenner worked with two deadly diseases, cowpox and horsepox. In doing this he was able to develop the smallpox vaccination which is incredibly important to human health today. â€Å"Louis Pasteur turned his attention to the diseases of humans and the higher animals, and to the elaboration of preventative vaccines. Together with his brilliant students Èmilie Roux, Charles Chamberland, and Louis Thuillier, he launched a series of experiments that resulted first in a vaccine for chicken cholera ? an economically damaging disease† (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 26-7). From there he was also able to make a vaccination for anthrax which was tested on sheep, goats, and cows. Another vaccination formed by Pasteur which was tested on animals was the rabies vaccination, another extremely important benefit to humans. Later on throughout the years we have had humans experience some painful, depressing, and fatal medical situations which have in most cases been helped to become less extreme with the help of animal testing. Some of the more important medical areas being helped by using animals is cancer, AIDS, and psychological issues. In some cases animal experimentation is the only logical way to find cures or vaccinations for these diseases or problems in human health. When it’s looked at that way, it needs to be decided which is more important, human health or the well-being of animals. Although cancer isn‘t the main reason for animal testing, it‘s become one of the most helped by animal testing. â€Å"It is of interest to see how important animal models have been in obtaining these [cancer treating] results†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 133). About 12% of animal experimentation is done involving cancer research (Baumans, 2004 Figure 2). In order to test anticancer agents liver microsomes are needed. Therefore if you were to use in vitro testing, using cells instead of an actual body of an animal, you wouldn’t be able to have that due to the fact of not having a real, living animal. â€Å"Major advances in cancer chemotherapy have come from the use of drugs in combination and from the use of optimum does schedules for each anticancer agent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 136). â€Å"Because of the larger number of variables involved the tumor bearing animal is the only possible model to study complicated drug c ombinations and dose schedules† (ibid). Tumor bearing animals are most helpful in ranking doses by how effective they are. You could do this by in vitro but on the contrary if the experiment becomes too difficult it wouldn’t work as well as using a live animal. The whole AIDS experiment on animals started with scientists wanted to know what exactly caused A IDS. Wanting to know that led them to use many different species including chimpanzees. These animals were inoculated with blood from AIDS patients. These experiments weren’t much help and kind of seemed a waste of time due to the fact of getting no usable result. The scientists then did numerous experiments in the laboratory to figure out that a retrovirus, HIV, was the cause of AIDS. They then inoculated different species, including rabbits and chimpanzees, to see what would be the outcome. â€Å"Of the nonhuman primates only chimpanzees and gibbon apes could be infected with HIV in such a way that the virus could reisolated from the inoculated animals and that antibodies were produced against HIV proteins† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 153). The chimps were then observed for 4-6 years and nothing seemed to be wrong therefore â€Å"it seemed warranted to state that c himpanzees are relatively resistant to the pathogenic action of HIV† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 154). â€Å"Although animal experiments have not contributed to the discovery of HIV nor to the solution of the AIDS problem, there is a great need for animal models for some burning questions in AIDS research† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 154). Some of these questions being â€Å"What is the cause of the T helper cell depletion in AIDS patients? What is the cause of presenile dementia in HIV-infected individuals? Do microbial factors have an influence on the development of AIDS?† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 154-5). Animal experimentation has really helped finding solutions when it comes to having problems in the brain. A drug was discovered called Chlorpormazine. It was supposed to be used for allergy disorders but became looked at more closely when it caused â€Å"unusual sedative action on animals† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 52). Scientists did a few trials with this drug and found it to have â€Å"remarkable effects on the human mind† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 51). Tests led scientists to discover that the cause of these effects was dopamine, a key neurotransmitter in this situation. Animal experimentation has also helped us advance in finding help for Parkinson’s disease. â€Å"When treated with large doses of these drugs [antipsychotic agents] the animals become immobile and could be placed and remained in the most awkward positions† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 51). About a month later it was discovered that a shot of DOPA could prevent this immobility from occurring. Knowing this then led to scientists seeing that the cause of Parkinson’s disease was caused by lack of dopamine. From there a treatment was formed, L-DOPA. Animal experimentation also helps with understanding the oxygen intake and metabolic activity of different parts of the brain. There are certain techniques that can be done to see how the brain replies to different stimuli. â€Å"To develop these imaging techniques animal experiments are necessary. For example, radioactive precursors or ligands for receptor studies have to be tried out in animals before they can be used on man.† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 52). Most opponents of animal experimentation point out how much that animals are suffering. In most cases they are quite over exaggerators. â€Å"Many claim that animals are tortured, and another frequent complaint is that animal research is all about profits. But it is hard to see how anyone would make a profit from torturing animals, or why medical research charities, who are trying to find curs for debilitating illnesses like cancer or AIDS, would spend their money torturing animals† (Festing, 2005  ¶ 9). Over half of the animals feel little to no pain at all. â€Å"According to the 2000 USDA Annual Report, 63% of animals experienced slight or momentary pain, such as an injection. 29% of the research procedures employed anesthesia and postoperative painkillers. In 7% of the procedures, neither anesthesia nor pain medication could be used, as they would have interfered with research results† (The Foundation of Biomedical Research, 2003  ¶ 3). â€Å"In many countries its mandatory by national law to grade the level of discomfort for animals in experiments in minor, moderate, and severe† (Baumans, 2004  ¶ 3). The welfare of animals included in these experiments is important to scientists even thought most opponents of animal testing would disagree. â€Å"One argument is that consideration of pain and suffering for animals should be legally equivalent to the considerations for humans† (Wikipedia, 14 Oct. 2006  ¶ 3). For the most part animals are treated reasonably well. Small animals are kept in plastic boxes that are either clear or white, slightly bigger animals are kept in containers about twice the size of a shoebox, and the large animals are kept in wire cages. The cages need to be in livable conditions, clean, and warm. They also need to have veterinary care available. There are a variety of different animals used in animal testing. Examples being invertebrates, rodents, rabbits, dogs, non-human primates, and cats. The invertebrates used usually consist of fruit flies and nematodes. â€Å"These animals offer scientists a number of advantages over vertebrates, including their short life cycle and the ease with which large numbers can be studied† (Wikipedia, 14 Oct. 2006  ¶11). They, also, tend to be cheaper than any other animal used in experimentation. The most common species of rodents is mice. They are the most popular â€Å"because of their availability, size, low cost, east of handling, and fast reproduction rate† (Wikipedia, 14 Oct. 2006  ¶13). Mice are known to be the best model of inherited human disease and share 99% of their genes with humans. Albino rabbits are used to check eye irritancy tests since they tend to have less flow of tears and lack of eye pigment. Another test rabbits are used in are for skin irritancy test . The main type of dog used is beagles due to the fact of them being gentle and their friendliness. They are used in toxicity tests, dental experiments, and surgeries. Non-human primates include baboons, macaques, marmosets, and chimpanzees. These animals are mostly used in research for â€Å"HIV, neurology, behavior, cognition, reproduction, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, malaria, respiratory viruses, infectious disease, genetics, xenotransplantation, drug abuse, and also in vaccine and drug testing† (Wikipedia, 14 Oct. 2006  ¶24). There are many animal rights activists that would say there are numerous amounts of alternatives for animal experimentation. Two examples being the â€Å"3 R approach† and using in vitro situations instead of in vivo. The â€Å"3 R’s† stand for refinement, reduction, and replacement. Refinement refers to lowering animal suffering and/or death and to increase animal welfare for the ones still used in experimentation. Reduction refers to decreasing â€Å"the number of animals used and the number of experiments performed to obtain or confirm a particular result† (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 198). Replacement refers to using non-animal experiments instead of animal ones if you can achieve the same result. The problem with refinement is that it would cost too much money whereas reduction could save money, although, in some cases it may be necessary to use more animals to get an accurate figure to make vaccines or help curing diseases. Some of the non-animal experimen tal methods would be using in vitro studies. In vitro is using animals models or cells of animals instead of using the entire animal body. â€Å"Others say that they [in vitro cell culture techniques] are unlikely to ever provide enough information about the complex interactions of living systems† (Wikipedia, 14 Oct. 2006  ¶79). Animal experimentation is a must when it comes to medical advancements. It doesn’t seem fair for people to say animal experimentation is wrong because if you think about it, if animal experimentation is wrong should we all become vegetarians? We slaughter cows, pigs, chickens, and turkeys to make food for ourselves but that’s OK? Therefore any opponent to animal experimentation that isn’t a vegetarian shouldn’t have the right to speak about animals testing as being wrong if they’re willing to kill animals for themselves. Using cows, pigs, chickens, and turkeys for food is necessary for most people in the same context that using mice, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys to help cure diseases is necessary. References Animal testing. ASPCA. animaland.org/asp/realissues/testing.asp (14 Oct. 2006). Animal testing. Wikipedia.com. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Animal_Testing (14 Oct. 2006). Baumans V. 2004. Use of animals in experimental research: an ethical dilemma? Gene Therapy. 11: S64-6. nature.com/gt/journal/v11/n1s/full/3302371a. html (9 Oct. 2006). Festing S. 2005. The animal research debate. The Political Quarterly. 76.4: 568. http:// www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-923X.2005.00720.x (15 Oct. 2006). Garattini S, Van Bekkum DW, editors. The importance of animal experimentation for safety and biomedical research. Boston (MA): Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1990. Paul EF, Paul J, editors. Why animal experimentation matters: the use of animals in medical research. New Brunswick (USA): Transaction Publishers; 2001. Quick facts about animal research. The Foundation of Biomedical Research. fbresearch.org/survivors/quickfacts.htm (14 Oct. 2006) Research Papers on Animal ExperimentationGenetic EngineeringStandardized TestingEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBringing Democracy to AfricaMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesQuebec and CanadaDefinition of Export QuotasThe Spring and AutumnArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Personal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

How to Speak Like a Italian Like

How to Speak Like a Italian Like If you want to learn Italian, forget your native tongue. If you want to speak Italian like a native, then spend some time in Italy speaking only Italian. If you want to read Italian, then pick up an Italian newspaper and peruse whatever section interests you. The point is, if you want to achieve competency in Italian, you must think like an Italian- and that means getting rid of the helpers that are real hindrances and standing on your own two (linguistic) feet. Bilingual Dictionaries Are a Crutch Speaking English to your friends is a waste of time if your goal is to speak Italian. Making grammatical comparisons between English and Italian are worthless. It sounds counterintuitive, but in the end, each language has rules and forms that are unique and sometimes illogical. And translating back and forth in your head before speaking or reading is the ultimate fools errand that will never lead to real-time speaking competence. Interact With Native Speakers So many people approach language as a science and get completely tongue-tied- witness the e-mail questions this SiteGuide receives daily about obscure Italian grammatical points and textbook recommendations. Learners obsess over minutiae, as if Italian could be dissected, instead of speaking Italian and interacting with native speakers. Imitate them. Mimic them. Ape them. Copy them. Let go of your ego and make believe youre an actor trying to sound Italian. But please- no books with something else to memorize. That turns off students immediately and is not effective in the least. Ignore English Grammar If there’s one bit of advice I can offer to anyone studying Italian, regardless of your level: Stop thinking in English! Ignore English grammar- you’re wasting a lot of mental energy trying to translate literally and construct sentences according to English syntax. In a letter to the editor in The New York Times Magazine, Lance Strate, an associate professor of Communication and Media Studies at Fordham University in The Bronx reinforces this point: ...it does not follow that all languages are equal, and therefore interchangeable. If this were true, the translation would be a relatively simple and straightforward affair, and learning another language would involve nothing more than learning to substitute one code for another, much like using Roman numerals. The truth is that different languages differ in highly significant ways, in grammar as well as vocabulary, which is why each language represents a unique way of codifying, expressing, and understanding the world. We do not become fluent in a new language until we stop translating and simply start thinking in the new language, because each language represents a distinctive medium of thought. Let Go of Your Fear of Making Mistakes Your goal should be to communicate, not sound as if you have a Ph.D. in Italian grammar (you’ll never do it, anyway, since there are only a small number of native Italians who are that well-versed in the intricacies of their own language. But certainly, most of them can communicate their every emotion, fear, want, and need.). Your biggest mistake, and what will hold you back, is using English as a crutch and being afraid of opening your mouth wide and singing that lovely language called la bella lingua. At the risk of sounding discouraging, a lot of language learners just don’t get it, and never will. It’s similar to taking dance lessons. You can put cut-out feet on the floor with numbers on them and take lessons from an expert, but if you don’t have rhythm, and you don’t have that swing, you’re always and forever going to look like a klutz on the dance floor, no matter how many lessons you take and how much you practice. So what do you do if you’re not a good dancer and weren’t born with natural rhythm? Scripted Responses Learning scripted responses in foreign languages is unproductive. Every textbook for beginners devotes many pages to dialogue that’s stilted and simply doesn’t occur in real life. So why teach it?! If you ask a person on the street Dov’e’ il museo? and he doesn’t respond according to the script you memorized, then what? You’re stuck, because there is an infinite number of potential responses, and none of us has enough time on the face of this earth to memorize them. And that person on the street is going to keep on walking because he’s headed to a great pizzeria. Learning scripted responses in foreign languages encourages a false sense of confidence. It doesnt translate into real-time speaking competence nor will you understand the musicality of the language. It’s like looking at a musical score and expecting to be a master violinist just because youve memorized the notes. Instead, you have to play it, and play it again and again. Likewise with the Italian language. Play with it! Practice! Listen to native Italian speakers and mimic them. Laugh at yourself trying to pronounce gli correctly. Italian, more so than many languages, is musical, and if you remember that analogy it will come easier. There is no secret, no Rosetta Stone, no silver bullet when it comes to learning a language. You have to listen and repeat ad nauseum. You will make a quantum leap in learning Italian when you abandon your native tongue and disengage from the grammar that you implicitly learned when you were a child.

Reichheld; the one writer you need to know Outline

Reichheld; the one writer you need to know - Outline Example In that regard, the researcher intends to identify whether the works of Reichheld bear meaning or they are simply works of a marketer. This paper would contain an assessment of one of Reichheld’s articles in regards to a study he conducted, and relate this to academic literature relevant to marketing. The Bain and Companys loyalty practice is founded by Fred Reichheld. The loyalty practice is designed to assist firms in attaining their organizational objectives and producing sustainable outcomes which can be achieved through an enhanced consumer and employee loyalty. Reichheld joined the company in 1978, whose duties encompass leadership activities, mainly concerning the context of Vompensation and Nominating and Management committees across the globe. He eventually became the first Bain fellow of the company in 1999. Being a Bain fellowed allowed him to delve into research and writing while being employed in the firm. In line with Reichhelds work, he was able to associate the connection between loyalty and profit through studying retention on the end of the customers and employees (Reichheld, 2011). He is also known as the author of bestselling books with the Harvard Business Review Press, which are as follows: (1) The Loyalty Effect: The Hidden Force Behind Growth, Profits, and Lasting Value; (2) Loyalty Rules! How Todays Leaders Build Lasting Relationships; and (3) The Ultimate Question. Some of his works include the NetPromoter framework, which was introduced in his book "The Ultimate Question". The NetPromoter framework has been utilized by various large corporations, which includes General Electric, Apple and American Express, to name a few. Apart from being an author, Reichheld is also a renowned speaker among various major business forums. In fact, Reichheld has been awarded as one of the 25 most influential consultants by the Consulting magazine in the survey they have processed in